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1.
Journal of Biomedical Engineering ; (6): 442-449, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-981561

ABSTRACT

The causes of mental disorders are complex, and early recognition and early intervention are recognized as effective way to avoid irreversible brain damage over time. The existing computer-aided recognition methods mostly focus on multimodal data fusion, ignoring the asynchronous acquisition problem of multimodal data. For this reason, this paper proposes a framework of mental disorder recognition based on visibility graph (VG) to solve the problem of asynchronous data acquisition. First, time series electroencephalograms (EEG) data are mapped to spatial visibility graph. Then, an improved auto regressive model is used to accurately calculate the temporal EEG data features, and reasonably select the spatial metric features by analyzing the spatiotemporal mapping relationship. Finally, on the basis of spatiotemporal information complementarity, different contribution coefficients are assigned to each spatiotemporal feature and to explore the maximum potential of feature so as to make decisions. The results of controlled experiments show that the method in this paper can effectively improve the recognition accuracy of mental disorders. Taking Alzheimer's disease and depression as examples, the highest recognition rates are 93.73% and 90.35%, respectively. In summary, the results of this paper provide an effective computer-aided tool for rapid clinical diagnosis of mental disorders.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Brain Injuries , Electroencephalography , Recognition, Psychology
2.
J. Health Biol. Sci. (Online) ; 10(1): 1-6, 01/jan./2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1366907

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: estabelecer diagnóstico diferencial das demências em ambulatório de geriatria no Distrito Federal, calculando-se sua prevalência por meio de exame clínico e avaliação multifuncional. Método: estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, com amostra de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais residentes no Distrito Federal-Brasil, com déficit cognitivo caracterizado por Transtorno Neurocognitivo (TNC) Maior (demência), cadastradas durante os anos de 2010 a 2018. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários para selecionar e avaliar o perfil do idoso com diagnóstico de TNC seguida de avaliação geriátrica ampla e avaliação multifuncional. A análise de dados foi realizada com o cálculo da prevalência, estatística descritiva e índice V de Cramer. Resultados: 158 indivíduos conseguiram concluir todas as avalições. 52,5% possuem de 80 a 89 anos, 62,5% são mulheres e 62,7% caucasianos, 50,6% viúvos e 47,5% analfabetos. A prevalência inicial de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) foi de 45,6%, reduzindo-se para 35,4% após um período de acompanhamento e a demência vascular (DV) foi de 34,2%, inicialmente, e 45,6% ao final. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente V de Cramer, em que se encontrou uma relação fraca de fatores de risco com os diagnósticos das demências apresentados. Conclusão: DV foi a mais prevalente na área estudada. Entende-se ser a maior frequência de DA esteja relacionada à avaliação superficial uma vez que esse tipo de demência é mundialmente mais frequente


Objetivos: estabelecer diagnóstico diferencial das demências em ambulatório de geriatria no Distrito Federal, calculando-se sua prevalência por meio de exame clínico e avaliação multifuncional. Método: estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, com amostra de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais residentes no Distrito Federal-Brasil, com déficit cognitivo caracterizado por Transtorno Neurocognitivo (TNC) Maior (demência), cadastradas durante os anos de 2010 a 2018. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários para selecionar e avaliar o perfil do idoso com diagnóstico de TNC seguida de avaliação geriátrica ampla e avaliação multifuncional. A análise de dados foi realizada com o cálculo da prevalência, estatística descritiva e índice V de Cramer. Resultados: 158 indivíduos conseguiram concluir todas as avalições. 52,5% possuem de 80 a 89 anos, 62,5% são mulheres e 62,7% caucasianos, 50,6% viúvos e 47,5% analfabetos. A prevalência inicial de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) foi de 45,6%, reduzindo-se para 35,4% após um período de acompanhamento e a demência vascular (DV) foi de 34,2%, inicialmente, e 45,6% ao final. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente V de Cramer, em que se encontrou uma relação fraca de fatores de risco com os diagnósticos das demências apresentados. Conclusão: DV foi a mais prevalente na área estudada. Entende-se ser a maior frequência de DA esteja relacionada à avaliação superficial uma vez que esse tipo de demência é mundialmente mais frequente


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Geriatric Assessment/methods , Dementia/diagnosis , Dementia/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Dementia, Vascular/diagnosis , Dementia, Vascular/epidemiology , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Longitudinal Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Ecological Studies , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Mental Status and Dementia Tests
3.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 60(3): 313-324, sept. 2022. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407820

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: Los biomarcadores más estudiados en la demencia tipo Alzheimer (DA) son los niveles elevados de Aβ42 y de proteína Tau en líquido cefalorraquídeo. Dada la complejidad de la sintomatología cognitiva y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos (SNP) de esta patología, algunos estudios recientes proponen sustancias como las orexinas, como blanco terapéutico de DA y SNP. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar publicaciones científicas recientes que hayan analizado la asociación entre orexinas, SNP y DA en humanos, algunos modelos animales y que hayan evaluado a las orexinas como posibles biomarcadores tanto para investigación como en el área clínica. En esta revisión también se describen los estudios que sugieren a las orexinas como un posible biomarcador en la DA, dada su relación con el Aβ42 y la proteína Tau, y otros estudios que las asocian con presencia de SNP, especialmente alteración del sueño. Se plantea la hipótesis de que la presencia de SNP en DA se asocia con las orexinas, debido a que este sistema influye en el funcionamiento hipotalámico y de forma indirecta en áreas cerebrales que regulan el comportamiento. Sin embargo, aún falta mayor investigación, principalmente de estudios longitudinales para conocer claramente la influencia de las orexinas en los SNP.


ABSTRACT The most studied biomarkers in Alzheimer's dementia (AD) are elevated levels of Aβ42 and Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Given the complexity of the cognitive symptomatology and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of this pathology, some recent studies propose substances such as orexins as a therapeutic target for AD and NPS. The present work aims to review recent scientific publications that have analyzed the association between orexins, PNS and AD in humans. There are some animal models that have evaluated orexins as possible biomarkers both for research and in the clinical area. This review also describes studies that suggest orexins as possible biomarkers in AD, given their relationship with Aβ42 and Tau protein, and other studies that associate them with the presence of SNPs, especially sleep disturbance. It is hypothesized that the presence of SNPs in AD is associated with orexins, because this system influences hypothalamic functioning and indirectly in brain areas that regulate behavior. However, further research is still lacking, mainly longitudinal studies to clearly know the influence of orexins on SNPs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Orexins/metabolism , Sleep Wake Disorders , Biomarkers , Dementia , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology
4.
Journal of Biomedical Engineering ; (6): 1233-1239, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-970662

ABSTRACT

The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is a general reflection of the neurophysiological activity of the brain, which has the advantages of being safe, efficient, real-time and dynamic. With the development and advancement of machine learning research, automatic diagnosis of Alzheimer's diseases based on deep learning is becoming a research hotspot. Started from feedforward neural networks, this paper compared and analysed the structural properties of neural network models such as recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks and deep belief networks and their performance in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It also discussed the possible challenges and research trends of this research in the future, expecting to provide a valuable reference for the clinical application of neural networks in the EEG diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Neural Networks, Computer , Machine Learning , Brain , Electroencephalography
5.
Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine ; (12): 262-269, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-935280

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. It is expected that the incidence of AD will increase exponentially in the coming decades. The clinical and research application of AD biomarkers has gone through a long process. At present, the clinical diagnostic criteria for AD mainly include the IWG-2 criteria developed by International Working Group (IWG), the NIA-AA criteria formulated by the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) and the "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease in China (2020 version)" released by the Professional Committee on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Diseases of the Chinese Geriatric Health Care Association (Alzheimer's Disease Chinese, ADC). Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers such as Aβ42, T-tau and P-tau are recognized as central biomarkers for AD, besides, the development of new molecules in other pathophysiological pathway that can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD have made great progress in the last decade. This article elaborates studies of the application guidelines of AD biomarkers and highlights the research progress of biomarkers in AD pathophysiological pathway.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Biomarkers , China , United States
6.
Enferm. foco (Brasília) ; 12(6): 1151-1158, dez. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1369040

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Comparar o impacto do exercício físico no comportamento de idosas com Alzheimer em uma Instituição de longa permanecia para idosos. Método: Ensaio clínico não randomizado, com nove idosas com Doença de Alzheimer, residentes em uma instituição de longa permanência. Que foram submetidas diariamente, por quatro semanas, à aplicação de dois questionários, um para estabelecer o perfil individual de cada moradora, e outro para análise dos comportamentos característicos da doença. Resultados: Observa-se que nove dentre os medicamentos consumidos possuíam características para modulação comportamental (55,56% Quetiapina; 22,22% Depakote e/ou Exelon Patch; 11,11% de Donaren, Donepezila, Donila Duo, Escitalopran, Exodus e/ou Sertralina); após quatro semanas, 44,44% (n=4) das moradoras apresentaram diminuição das alterações comportamentais, para os períodos com exercício físico (p<0,05); as médias de alterações comportamentais da amostra total, foram de 0,76±0,38 e 1,60±0,70 para os períodos com e sem exercício físico, respectivamente (p<0,05); e comportamentos como "agressividade direcionada a equipe", "irritabilidade" e "outras alterações", apresentaram Δ de variação de 0,80; 2,04; e 1,21; respectivamente (p<0,05). Conclusão: A inclusão de exercícios físicos de maneira regular, em uma Instituição de longa permanecia para idosos, é capaz de reduzir alterações comportamentais à curto prazo em idosas com Doença de Alzheimer institucionalizadas. (AU)


Objective: Comparison of the impact of physical exercise on the behavior of elderly women with Alzheimer's in a long-stay institution for the elderly. Methods: Non-randomized clinical trial, with nine elderly women with Alzheimer's Disease, residing in a long-term institution. They were submitted daily, for four weeks, to the application of two questionnaires, one to establish the individual profile of each resident, and the other to analyze the characteristic characteristics of the disease. Results: It is observed that nine among the drugs consumed had characteristics for behavioral modulation (55.56% Quetiapine; 22.22% Depakote and/or Exelon Patch; 11.11% of Donaren, Donepezila, Donila Duo, Escitalopran, Exodus and / or Sertraline); after four weeks, 44.44% (n = 4) of residents reduced behavioral changes for periods with physical exercise (p < 0.05); as means of behavioral changes in the total sample, they were 0.76 ± 0.38 and 1.60 ± 0.70 for the periods with and without physical exercise, respectively (p < 0.05); and behavior such as "aggressiveness directed at the team", "irritability" and "other changes", similar to a variation of 0.80; 2.04; and 1.21; respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of physical exercise on a regular basis, in a long-stay institution for the elderly, is capable of reducing short-term behavioral changes in institutionalized elderly women with Alzheimer's Disease. (AU)


Objetivo: Comparación del impacto del ejercicio físico en el comportamiento de mujeres mayores con Alzheimer en una institución de larga estancia para ancianos. Métodos: Ensayo clínico no aleatorizado, con nueve ancianas con enfermedad de Alzheimer, residentes en una institución de larga duración. Fueron sometidos diariamente, durante cuatro semanas, a la aplicación de dos cuestionarios, uno para establecer el perfil individual de cada residente y otro para analizar las características características de la enfermedad. Resultados: Se observa que nueve de los fármacos consumidos tenían características de modulación conductual (55,56% Quetiapina; 22,22% Depakote y / o Exelon Patch; 11,11% de Donaren, Donepezila, Donila Duo, Escitalopran, Exodus y / o Sertralina); después de cuatro semanas, el 44,44% (n = 4) de los residentes redujeron los cambios de comportamiento por períodos con ejercicio físico (p <0,05); como medias de los cambios de comportamiento en la muestra total fueron 0,76 ± 0,38 y 1,60 ± 0,70 para los períodos con y sin ejercicio físico, respectivamente (p <0,05); y comportamientos como "agresividad dirigida al equipo", "irritabilidad" y "otros cambios", similar a una variación de 0,80; 2,04; y 1,21; respectivamente (p <0,05). Conclusión: La inclusión de ejercicio físico de forma regular, en una institución de larga estancia para ancianos, es capaz de reducir los cambios conductuales a corto plazo en mujeres ancianas institucionalizadas con enfermedad de Alzheimer. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged, 80 and over , Exercise , Alzheimer Disease , Homes for the Aged , Analysis of Variance , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis
7.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 79(10): 864-870, Oct. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1345321

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: The Cambridge Cognition Examination (CAMCOG) is one of the most used cognitive assessment batteries for older adults. Objective: To evaluate a brief version of the CAMCOG for illiterate older adults (CAMCOG-BILL) with Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and healthy controls (CG). Methods: Cross-sectional case-control study with 246 illiterate older adults (AD [n=159] and CG [n=87], composed by healthy seniors without cognitive complaints) who never attended school or took reading or writing lessons. Diagnosis of AD was established based on the NIA-AA and DSM-5 criteria. All participants were assessed with the CAMCOG by a researcher blinded for diagnosis. To assess the consistency of the chosen CAMCOG-BILL sub-items, we performed a binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Both the CAMCOG and the CAMCOG-BILL had satisfactory psychometric properties. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.932 (p<0.001) for the original version of CAMCOG and 0.936 for the CAMCOG-BILL. Using a cut-off score of ≥60 (CAMCOG) and ≥44 (CAMCOG-BILL), both instruments had the same sensitivity and specificity (89 and 96%, respectively). Conclusion: The CAMCOG-BILL may be a preferred tool because of the reduced test burden for this vulnerable subgroup of illiterate patients with dementia.


RESUMO Antecedentes: O Cambridge Cognition Examination (CAMCOG) é uma das baterias de avaliação cognitiva mais usadas para idosos. Objetivos: Avaliar uma versão breve do CAMCOG para idosos analfabetos (CAMCOG-BILL) com demência de Alzheimer (DA) em comparação com controles saudáveis não demenciados (GC). Métodos: Estudo caso-controle transversal com 246 idosos analfabetos (AD [n=159] e GC [n=87], composto por idosos saudáveis sem queixas cognitivas) que nunca frequentaram a escola ou fizeram aulas de leitura ou redação. O diagnóstico de DA foi estabelecido pelos critérios NIA-AA e DSM-5. Todos os participantes foram avaliados por meio do CAMCOG por avaliador cego, para o diagnóstico dos grupos. Para avaliar a consistência dos subitens escolhidos do CAMCOG-BILL, realizou-se uma análise de regressão logística binária. Resultados: Tanto o CAMCOG quanto o CAMCOG-BILL apresentaram propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias. A área sob a curva (AUC) foi de 0,932 (p<0,001) para a versão original do CAMCOG e de 0,936 para o CAMCOG-BILL. Usando-se uma pontuação de corte de ≥60 (CAMCOG) e ≥44 (CAMCOG-BILL), ambos os instrumentos tiveram a mesma sensibilidade e especificidade (89 e 96%, respectivamente). Conclusão: O CAMCOG-BILL pode ser preferido para reduzir a sobrecarga do teste para esse subgrupo vulnerável de pacientes analfabetos com demência.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Neuropsychological Tests
8.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 59(3): 185-196, sept. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388397

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Comunicar el diagnóstico de demencia es un importante desafío médico, por lo que tiende a ser una práctica poco frecuente no obstante el derecho de los pacientes a ser informados de sus diagnósticos. En Chile, existe investigación que describe las implicancias del diagnóstico de demencia en el sistema familiar y cuidadores informales, pero no se ha abordado esta experiencia desde la perspectiva de los pacientes, por lo que sus implicancias son también desconocidas. OBJETIVO: Describir las experiencias luego del diagnóstico de demencia desde la perspectiva de los pacientes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo. Se realizó entrevistas a 11 personas, 6 hombres y 5 mujeres, con edad promedio 70 años (64-82), quienes recibieron el diagnóstico de demencia tipo Alzheimer en etapa leve y fueron informados de su diagnóstico por Neuróloga tratante. Las entrevistas transcritas fueron analizadas mediante análisis de contenido con codificación abierta, usando software NVivo 11.0 Pro. RESULTADOS: Las siguientes cinco categorías temáticas genéricas fueron producidas a partir del análisis de las entrevistas, describiendo la experiencia de los pacientes luego de recibir el diagnóstico: rol capacitante de la familia, ser informado/a sobre la demencia, autoestigma, ambivalencia en contar el diagnóstico, y estrategias de adaptación al diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio informan de necesidades específicas de los pacientes luego de ser informados del diagnóstico de demencia tipo Alzheimer. Se presentan consideraciones para el abordaje local del diagnóstico por equipos de salud y apoyo social que enfrentan el desafío de planificar la atención de personas con trastornos cognitivos y sus familias.


INTRODUCTION: Communicating the diagnosis of dementia is a medical challenge. Despite the the patients' right to be informed of their diagnosis, diagnostic disclosure is globally underperformed. In Chile, previous research has addressed the implications of diagnosis from the perspectives of families and family caregivers, but the perspectives and implications from the patients' perspectives remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To describe the experiences of patients following the diagnosis of dementia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative study. Interviews were performed to 11 individuals who had received the diagnosis of early-stage dementia of the Alzheimer's type, 5 women and 6 men, average age 70 years old (64-82). Interviews transcripts were analyzed using content analysis with open coding, using software NVivo 11.0 Pro. RESULTS: The following five generic categories were produced from the interpretation of interviews to describe the experience of patients after being informed of a diagnosis of dementia: the enabling role of families, being informed about dementia, self-stigma, ambivalence on sharing the diagnosis, and coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Findings report specific unmet needs of patients who have been communicated of the diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Suggestions are presented to inform local health care and social support teams that face the challenge of developing interventions to support people with dementia and their families.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Patients/psychology , Dementia/diagnosis , Dementia/psychology , Truth Disclosure , Adaptation, Psychological , Interviews as Topic , Qualitative Research , Family Relations , Social Stigma , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/psychology
10.
Rev. bras. neurol ; 57(2): 8-13, abr.-jun. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1280767

ABSTRACT

Dementia is a syndrome characterized by a decline of two or more cognitive functions, affecting social or professional life. Alzheimer's Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that represents 53% of dementia cases; memory loss, inability to recognize faces, impaired judgement, disorientation and confusion are possible common symptoms. Vascular Dementia is responsible for 42% of dementia cases, due to cerebrovascular pathologies, and the clinical aspects are related to the extension and location of the brain injury. Lewy Bodies Dementia is a neurodegenerative disorder that represents 15% of dementia cases, and its symptoms include visual hallucinations, parkinsonism and fluctuating cognitive decline. Frontotemporal dementia is a group of clinical syndromes, divided in Behavioral-variant, characterized by disinhibition, compulsions, apathy, aberrant sexual behavior and executive dysfunction; and Primary Progressive Aphasia, which is subdivided in Nonfluentvariant and Semantic-variant. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a reversible cause of dementia, with a wide clinical feature, that includes psychiatric symptoms such as depression and irritability, hematological symptoms related to anemia (e.g. dyspnea and fatigue), and neurological symptoms including dementia and neuropathy. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is also reversible, presenting forgetfulness, changes in mood, decline of executive functions, reduced attention, and a lack of interest in daily activities as symptoms. The radiological findings vary depending on the etiology of dementia. For that reason, understanding neuroimaging and clinical aspects is important to diagnose effectively.


A demência é uma síndrome que consiste em um declínio de um ou mais domínios cognitivos, que afeta o desempenho social ou profissional do indivíduo. A Doença de Alzheimer é um transtorno neurocognitivo que representa 53% dos casos de demência; seus sintomas podem incluir perda de memória, incapacidade de reconhecer rostos familiares, julgamento comprometido desorientação e confusão mental. A Demência Vascular é responsável por 42% dos casos de demência e é causada por doenças cerebrovasculares, seus achados clínicos são relacionados com o local e com a extensão do dano cerebral. Já a Demência por Corpos de Lewy é uma doença neurocognitiva que representa 15% dos casos de demência, cujos sintomas incluem alucinações visuais, parkinsonismo e flutuação cognitiva. A Demência Frontotemporal, por sua vez, é um grupo de síndromes, que se dividem em variante comportamental ­ caracterizada por desinibição, compulsão, apatia, hipersexualidade e disfunções executivas ­ e Afasia Progressiva Primária, subdividida em variante não-fluente e variante semântica, que cursam com disfunções da linguagem. Há, ainda, a Deficiência de Vitamina B12, uma causa reversível de demência. Ela possui um quadro clínico variado, que inclui sintomas psiquiátricos, como depressão e irritabilidade, sintomas hematológicos relacionados a anemia, como dispneia e fadiga) e sintomas neurológicos, que incluem demência e neuropatias. Uma outra causa reversível é a Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal, que se apresenta com esquecimentos, alterações de humor, perda de função executiva e redução da atenção e do interesse nas atividades cotidianas. Os achados de neuroimagem variam dependendo da etiologia da demência. Assim, compreender os aspectos clínicos e radiológicos é importante para um diagnóstico efetivo..


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Dementia, Vascular/diagnosis , Dementia/complications , Dementia/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/etiology , Prevalence , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Neuroimaging/methods , Cognitive Dysfunction , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure/etiology , Memory Disorders
11.
Acta sci., Health sci ; 43: e48747, Feb.11, 2021.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1368155

ABSTRACT

Although malnutrition and risk of falls in the elderly have increased in recent years, uncertainties exist as to whether these conditions are associated after controlling for sociodemographic variables, body composition, metabolic condition, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to analyze the association between nutritional status and risk of fall in the elderly population. Participants were matched by gender and age, after they had been grouped on the basis of diagnosis of AD. The risk of falls, nutritional status, and mental status were assessed using the Downton Fall Risk Score (FRS), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE), respectively. Logistic regression modelsadjusted for the main confounders were used in the analyses. Among the 68 elderly individuals studied, participants who were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition were more likely to fall (odds ratio = 8.29; 95% confidence interval = 1.49-46.04) than those with normal nutritional status, regardless of gender, age, education, body composition, and metabolic condition. This association did not remain significant after adjustment for AD, a potential confounder in this association. Malnutrition or its risk was independently associated with high risk of fall; thus, malnutrition should be considered in the prevention of falls among the elderly population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Accidental Falls/prevention & control , Elderly Nutrition , Alzheimer Disease/complications , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Body Composition/physiology , Aged/physiology , Aging/physiology , Nutritional Status/physiology , Dementia/complications , Malnutrition/complications , Metabolism/physiology
12.
Clin. biomed. res ; 41(2): 157-166, 2021. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1341979

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A neuroinflamação associada às células gliais é um elemento importante do processo patológico da doença de Alzheimer (DA). Este estudo apresenta uma revisão dos marcadores gliais quitinase 3-like 1 (YKL-40), do receptor desencadeado expresso nas células mieloides 2 (Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 ­ TREM2), da proteína acídica fibrilar glial (GFAP) e da proteína B S100 ligante de cálcio (S100B). Métodos: Nesta revisão são analisados os marcadores gliais YKL-40, TREM2, GFAP e S100B presentes em sangue e/ou líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), a partir de estudos publicados até 2020 nos bancos de dados do PubMed, Medline e Periódicos Capes. Resultados: Foram recuperados 233 documentos, dentre os quais foram incluídos 60. Todos os marcadores se encontram aumentados na DA em LCR ­ YKL-40 e TREM2 solúvel (sTREM2), já na fase pré-clínica ­, e em sangue, e estão correlacionados ao declínio cognitivo. No entanto, nenhum dos marcadores analisados apresentou grande potencial para o diagnóstico diferencial. Além da proteína TREM2 solúvel no LCR, no sangue também se pode identificar alteração nos níveis do RNAm de TREM2. GFAP sanguíneo mostra ser o melhor em distinguir controles de pacientes com Alzheimer. Há evidências de um efeito protetivo da ativação glial em reação ao acúmulo amiloide. Conclusão: Os marcadores gliais no geral têm pouca utilidade para o diagnóstico diferencial, mas podem auxiliar no prognóstico e como biomarcadores inespecíficos para doenças neurodegenerativas. (AU)


Introduction: Glial cell-associated neuroinflammation is a driving force for the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study is a systematic review aimed to analyze the following glial markers: chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B). Methods: The PubMed, MEDLINE and CAPES Journals databases were searched for studies published until 2020 that addressed blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of YKL-40, TREM2, GFAP and S100B. Results: A total of 233 articles were retrieved, of which 60 were included in this study. All CSF ­ YKL-40 and soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in preclinical stage ­ and blood biomarker levels were elevated for AD and were correlated to cognitive decline. None of the analyzed biomarkers showed promising results for differential diagnosis. Besides CSF sTREM2 levels, blood TREM2 mRNA levels were also altered in AD. Blood GFAP levels seem to be the best option for distinguishing controls from AD patients.' There is evidence of a protective role of glial activation in amyloid accumulation. Conclusion: Glial markers in general are of little use for differential diagnosis but can assist in prognosis and as nonspecific biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. (AU)


Subject(s)
Biomarkers , Neuroglia , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Membrane Glycoproteins , Receptors, Immunologic , S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit , Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
13.
Journal of Biomedical Engineering ; (6): 47-55, 2021.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-879248

ABSTRACT

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disease, is still unknown. It is difficult to determine the atrophy areas, especially for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at different stages of AD, which results in a low diagnostic rate. Therefore, an early diagnosis model of AD based on 3-dimensional convolutional neural network (3DCNN) and genetic algorithm (GA) was proposed. Firstly, the 3DCNN was used to train a base classifier for each region of interest (ROI). And then, the optimal combination of the base classifiers was determined with the GA. Finally, the ensemble consisting of the chosen base classifiers was employed to make a diagnosis for a patient and the brain regions with significant classification capability were decided. The experimental results showed that the classification accuracy was 88.6% for AD


Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Early Diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neural Networks, Computer , Neurodegenerative Diseases
14.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 78(11): 713-723, Nov. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142366

ABSTRACT

Abstract Spatial disorientation has been observed in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and is associated with a higher risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is no gold standard assessment for spatial orientation and paper-and-pencil tests lack ecological validity. Recently, there has been an increasing number of studies demonstrating the role of spatial disorientation as a cognitive marker of pathological decline, shedding new light on its importance for MCI. This systematic review aimed to investigate the accuracy of spatial orientation tasks for the diagnosis of MCI by comparison with cognitively healthy elderly. The search was conducted in the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Only original studies reporting spatial orientation assessment in MCI patients compared to a healthy control group were included. Studies were excluded if the MCI classification did not follow well described criteria and/or if accuracy results of spatial orientation assessment were not provided. Seven studies met the eligibility criteria, describing a variety of spatial orientation assessments including questionnaires, paper-and-pencil, office-based route learning, and computer-based and virtual reality tasks. Spatial orientation tasks demonstrated moderate to high accuracy in detecting elderly with MCI compared to cognitively healthy elderly, with areas under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.77 to 0.99. However, important methodological issues were found in the selected studies which should be considered when interpreting results. Although the inclusion of spatial orientation assessments in MCI evaluations seems to have significant value, further studies are needed to clarify their true capacity to distinguish pathological from non-pathological aging.


RESUMO A ocorrência de desorientação espacial foi observada no comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e está associada a um maior risco de progressão para a doença de Alzheimer (DA). No entanto, não há um padrão ouro para avaliação da orientação espacial e os testes em papel e caneta não apresentam validade ecológica. Recentemente, um número cada vez maior de estudos têm apontado o papel da desorientação espacial como um marcador cognitivo do declínio patológico, lançando uma nova luz sobre sua importância para o CCL. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo investigar a acurácia de tarefas de orientação espacial para se estabelecer o diagnóstico de CCL entre idosos cognitivamente saudáveis. A pesquisa foi realizada através das bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Lilacs e Scielo. Apenas artigos originais que reportassem avaliação da orientação espacial em idosos CCL comparados a um grupo controle saudável foram incluídos. Foram excluídos os estudos que não utilizassem a classificação de CCL segundo critérios bem descritos e/ou que não reportassem resultados de acurácia da avaliação da orientação espacial. Sete estudos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade, descrevendo uma variedade de formas de avaliação da orientação espacial, incluindo questionários, tarefas em papel e lápis, tarefas de aprendizado de rotas no escritório, tarefas baseadas em computador e com realidade virtual. As tarefas de orientação espacial demonstraram acurácia moderada a alta na detecção de CCL em comparação com idosos cognitivamente saudáveis, com áreas sob a curva (area under the curve — AUC) variando de 0,77 a 0,99. No entanto, um viés metodológico importante foi identificado nos estudos selecionados, o que deve ser levado em consideração na interpretação dos resultados. Apesar da inclusão da orientação espacial na avaliação cognitiva em CCL parecer ter um valor significativo, mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer sua verdadeira capacidade de distinguir o envelhecimento patológico do não patológico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Sensitivity and Specificity , Disease Progression , Orientation, Spatial
15.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 42(4): 431-441, July-Aug. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1132093

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is expected to more than double by 2050. Studies on the pathophysiology of AD have been changing our understanding of this disorder and setting a new scenario for drug development and other therapies. Concepts like the "amyloid cascade" and the "continuum of AD," discussed in this article, are now well established. From updated classifications and recommendations to advances in biomarkers of AD, we aim to critically assess the literature on AD, addressing new definitions and challenges that emerged from recent studies on the subject. Updates on the status of major clinical trials are also given, and future perspectives are discussed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain/pathology , Early Diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Biomarkers , Disease Progression
18.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 42(3): 286-294, May-June 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1132069

ABSTRACT

Objective: To translate, establish the diagnostic accuracy, and standardize the Brazilian Portuguese version of the European Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB) considering schooling level. Methods: We first completed an English-Brazilian Portuguese translation and back-translation of the CNTB. A total of 135 subjects aged over 60 years - 65 cognitively healthy (mean 72.83, SD = 7.71; mean education 9.42, SD = 7.69; illiterate = 25.8%) and 70 with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (mean 78.87, SD = 7.09; mean education 7.62, SD = 5.13; illiterate = 10%) - completed an interview and were screened for depression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to verify the accuracy of each CNTB test to separate AD from healthy controls in participants with low levels of education (≤ 4 years of schooling) and high levels of education (≥ 8 years of schooling). The optimal cutoff score was determined for each test. Results: The Recall of Pictures Test (RPT)-delayed recall and the Enhanced Cued Recall (ECR) had the highest power to separate AD from controls. The tests with the least impact from schooling were the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS), supermarket fluency, RPT naming, delayed recall and recognition, and ECR. Conclusions: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the CNTB was well comprehended by the participants. The cognitive tests that best discriminated patients with AD from controls in lower and higher schooling participants were RPT delayed recall and ECR, both of which evaluate memory.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Translations , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Mental Recall , Reference Values , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Educational Status , Executive Function
19.
J. bras. psiquiatr ; 69(2): 82-87, abr.-jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134945

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the accuracy of two semantic categories of the verbal fluency test (supermarket and animal categories) to separate healthy elderly individuals and lower educated Alzheimer's disease patients. METHODS: We evaluated 69 older adults with less than 5 years of schooling, consisting of 31 healthy elderly, and 38 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Semantic verbal fluency was evaluated using the animal and supermarket categories. Mann-Whitney U and Independent t Tests were used to compare the two groups, and the diagnostic accuracy of the tests was analyzed by sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio's, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC). RESULTS: We found a significant difference between the healthy older and Alzheimer's disease groups, in both, animal (p = 0.014) and supermarket verbal fluency (p < 0.001). The supermarket category showed better overall diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.840, 95% CI = 0.746-0.933; p < 0.001) compared to the animal category (AUC = 0.671, 95% CI = 0.543-0.800; p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: The supermarket category of semantic verbal fluency provides better accuracy than the animal category for the identification of dementia in a Brazilian elderly population with low educational level.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia de duas categorias semânticas do teste de fluência verbal (categorias de supermercado e animal) para separar idosos saudáveis e pacientes com doença de Alzheimer com baixa escolaridade. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 69 idosos com menos de 5 anos de escolaridade, consistindo em 31 idosos saudáveis e 38 pacientes diagnosticados com a doença de Alzheimer. A fluência verbal semântica foi avaliada nas categorias animal e supermercado. O teste de Mann-Whitney U e o teste t independente foram usados para comparar os dois grupos, e a precisão diagnóstica dos testes foi analisada por sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança e área sob a curva (AUC). RESULTADOS: Encontramos uma diferença significativa entre os grupos de idosos saudáveis e com doença de Alzheimer, tanto na fluência verbal de animais (p = 0,014) quanto na de supermercado (p < 0,001). A categoria supermercado apresentou melhor precisão diagnóstica geral (AUC = 0,840; IC 95% = 0,746- 0,933; p < 0,001) em comparação com a categoria animal (AUC = 0,671; IC 95% = 0,543-0,800; p = 0,014). CONCLUSÃO: A categoria supermercado de fluência verbal semântica fornece melhor acurácia do que a categoria animal para a identificação de demência em uma população idosa brasileira com baixo nível educacional.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Semantics , Verbal Behavior , Geriatric Assessment/methods , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests , Sensitivity and Specificity , Educational Status , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Mental Status Schedule
20.
Med. leg. Costa Rica ; 37(1): 33-38, ene.-mar. 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098369

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Air contamination happens when unsafe or inordinate amounts of substances including gases, particles, and organic atoms are brought into Earth's climate. Objective: This review article defines air pollution, describes the types of pollutants, enumerates the various causative factors, enumerates the ways it impacts human health and suggests preventive measures to reduce the impact of air pollution on human health. Methods: Literature was studied extensively and effects of air pollution on human health have been described. Results and Conclusion: Air pollution has tremendous effects on human health in the form of respiratory diseases and aggravations in the form of asthma and lung cancer, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and malignant growth. An affiliation has been found to exist between male infertility and air pollution and a relationship has been established between air contamination and higher danger of immune dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neurobehavioral hyperactivity, crime, age-unseemly behaviours, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Traffic-related air pollutants have been found to affect skin aging and cause pigmented spots on the face. An association exists between air pollution and irritation of the eyes, dry eye syndrome, risk for retinopathy and adverse ocular outcomes. Chronic exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy has been associated with adverse effects on the developing foetus in the form of low birth weight and still birth. Air contamination has been seen as a significant supporter of the expanded predominance of allergic diseases in children.


Subject(s)
Skin Diseases/diagnosis , Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Disease/etiology , Costa Rica , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis
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